Assessing whether a site is suitable for geothermal development requires a structured, multi-disciplinary approach that integrates subsurface science, above ground practicalities, engineering design and energy demand analysis. At Star Energy, project development is carried out through a staged process that progressively refines technical understanding and reduces project risk before significant capital investment is committed.
This approach begins with high-level geological scoping and heat demand evaluation, followed by detailed feasibility studies that incorporate subsurface modelling, thermodynamic simulation, site identification, infrastructure planning and commercial analysis. Each stage builds on the previous one, ensuring that decisions are supported by robust data and engineering evidence.
Geological Scoping and Resource Identification
The first step in assessing site suitability is to determine whether a viable geothermal resource is present. This involves regional geological screening to identify sedimentary basins or formations that are likely to contain sufficient heat and permeability. We review existing geological datasets, including historic well logs, stratigraphic records and regional subsurface models. Where available, seismic data is also analysed to understand structural features such as faults, folds and reservoir continuity.
The objective at this stage is to identify formations that meet the key criteria for geothermal development:
- Sufficient depth to achieve target temperatures, typically between 70°C and 120°C
- Adequate permeability to allow fluid circulation
- Presence of formation water capable of transporting heat
- Sufficient reservoir thickness and lateral extent
This initial screening allows unsuitable locations to be discounted early, focusing further analysis on sites with credible geothermal potential.
Heat Demand Analysis
In parallel with geological assessment, we evaluate the local heat demand. Geothermal energy is most effective where there is a stable and continuous requirement for thermal energy. As such, proximity to suitable end users is a critical factor in site selection.
We assess existing and projected heat loads from potential users such as district heating networks, hospitals, universities, industrial facilities and residential developments. This includes analysis of peak and baseload demand profiles, seasonal variation and long-term growth potential. Matching the geothermal resource to a reliable heat demand is essential to ensure that the energy produced can be fully utilised. Without sufficient demand, even a technically viable geothermal resource may not be commercially viable.
Staged Feasibility Assessment
Once a site has passed initial screening and the customer is engaged it progresses to a structured Geothermal Energy Feasibility Study . This stage involves detailed technical and commercial evaluation and is typically carried out in phases to manage uncertainty.
Subsurface Modelling
Detailed geological and reservoir modelling is undertaken to define the target formation and its characteristics. This includes mapping reservoir depth, thickness, porosity and permeability. Reservoir simulation models are developed to predict fluid flow behaviour, pressure response and thermal performance over time. These models are used to estimate achievable flow rates and sustainable heat output. Subsurface modelling also informs well design, including optimal placement, spacing and orientation of production and injection wells.
Thermodynamic Simulation
Thermodynamic modelling is used to evaluate how heat will be extracted and delivered at the surface. This includes simulation of heat transfer processes within the geothermal system, from reservoir production through to heat exchange and distribution. These simulations assess expected temperature outputs, system efficiency and the interaction between geothermal fluid and surface infrastructure. Where required, the integration of heat pumps or thermal storage systems is also modelled to ensure that the system meets the temperature requirements of the end user.
Infrastructure and System Design
At this stage, we assess the infrastructure required to deliver geothermal heat to its intended users. This includes identification of the geothermal well site, evaluation of surface plant requirements such as heat exchangers, pumps and control systems, as well as connection to district heating networks or on-site energy systems. We also consider site-specific constraints such as land availability, any likely regulatory restrictions, access for drilling operations and proximity to existing energy infrastructure. These factors can influence both the technical design and overall project cost.
Commercial Viability Assessment
Technical feasibility alone is not sufficient to justify development. A detailed commercial assessment is carried out to determine whether the project is economically viable.
This includes cost estimation for drilling, surface infrastructure, installation and long-term operation. These costs are compared against projected revenue from heat sales, taking into account local energy pricing, demand stability and potential policy support mechanisms. Risk analysis is also conducted, considering factors such as geological uncertainty, drilling complexity and regulatory timelines. This ensures that all potential risks are identified and managed before proceeding to the next stage of development.
Planning and Regulatory Considerations
Geothermal Regulatory Approval feasibility is assessed alongside technical and commercial factors. This includes identifying planning requirements, environmental permitting obligations and any site-specific constraints related to groundwater protection or land use. Early engagement with regulatory authorities helps to identify potential challenges and ensures that the project can proceed within the relevant legal framework.
Integrated Decision-Making
A key aspect of Star Energy’s approach is the integration of all assessment components into a single decision-making framework. Geological, engineering, infrastructure and commercial considerations are evaluated together rather than in isolation. This ensures that the final assessment reflects the full complexity of geothermal development and avoids situations where a site is technically viable but commercially or operationally unsuitable.
From Assessment to Development
Once a site has successfully passed through the feasibility stages, it can progress to detailed design, permitting and eventual construction. By this point, the project will have a well-defined understanding of subsurface conditions, expected performance and commercial viability. This structured approach allows Star Energy to move forward with confidence, reducing uncertainty and ensuring that geothermal systems are developed in a controlled and sustainable manner.
A Data-Driven Approach to Geothermal Development
Assessing geothermal suitability requires a combination of geological expertise, engineering capability and commercial insight. By applying a staged and data-driven methodology, Star Energy ensures that each project is grounded in technical evidence and aligned with real-world energy demand. This approach enables the development of geothermal systems that are not only technically sound, but also deliver long-term, reliable and low-carbon heat solutions tailored to the specific characteristics of each site.